However, laboratory animal husbandry of sheep or pigs is expensive, and medical experiments with large animals are subject to increased ethical objections in many countries. Additionally, working animal models have demonstrated to be realistic training models for cardiologic intervention. Large animal models, in particular sheep and pigs, have provided indispensable and valuable insights in cardiac anatomy and physiology during health and disease, as they are easy to manipulate and to reproduce. c Aortic (blue) net flow, (red) forward flow, and (grey) backward flow, showing no regurgitation for the native valve (left), moderate regurgitation for the CoreValve (middle), and severe regurgitation for the Edwards valve (right). A high velocity regurgitation jet downstream to the Edwards valve as a consequence of paravalvular leakage can be seen during diastole. Vector plots of a heart with a native valve (left), the CoreValve (middle), and the Edwards valve (right) at ( a) peak systole and ( b) diastole. Flow curves were calculated per heart from mean velocities in an ROI drawn in the aorta, close to the aortic valve, showing a large backward flow for the Edwards valve. For better understanding photographs of the valves were placed at the areas of signal loss. ![]() This figure shows velocity vectors visualised using GTFlow (Gyrotools, Zurich, Switzerland), comparing a heart with native and the hearts with implanted TAVR valves. Comparison of vector plots and flow curves in hearts with native and TAVR valves during systole and diastole.
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